New Ternary Fe-Ni-Cu Invar Alloys Preparation

New Ternary Fe-Ni-Cu Invar Alloys Preparation Arrangement and Characterization of New Ternary Fe-Ni-Cu Invar composites S Ahmada, A B Ziya[1], an, An Ibrahimb, S Atiqb, N Ahmada and F Bashirc Conceptual. Six compounds of Fe65Ni35-xCux(x= 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 1.4, 1.8 at.%) have been set up by ordinary curve liquefying method and described by using in-situ X-beam diffraction (XRD) procedure and differential examining calorimetry (DSC) at a range from room temperature to 773 K for assurance of stage. The examinations show that these amalgams structure face focused cubic (FCC) all through the researched temperature extend. The X-beam coordinated powers of different reflections were utilized to decide the coefficient of warm extension ÃŽ ±(T), mean square sufficiency of vibrations and trademark Debye temperature ÃŽËœD. The ternary replacement of copper minorly affects the cross section boundary yet the Debye temperature ÃŽËœD is found to diminish with the expansion of copper content in the compound. The coefficients of warm development ÃŽ ±(T) were seen as similar to those for customary Fe-Ni invar compounds. Keywords: Invar composites; cross section boundaries; warm development; X-beam diffraction Presentation Iron rich invar composites have been of distinct fascination for analysts and designers, for their own reasons and premiums, since their disclosure in 1898 Guillaume and Hebd (1987) due to their one of a kind arrangement of properties marked as invar irregularity or invar impact. Various speculations and models have been proposed to clarify these deviations in the conduct of these combinations from different materials yet at the same time there are numerous inquiries uncertain Sanyal and Bose (2000); Iwase et al (2003); Matsushima et al (2006); Goria et al (2010); Yichun et al (2009); Tabakovic et al (2010); Pepperhoff et al (2001); Duffaut et al (1990); Matsushita et al (2008). One of the most significant property of these compounds that made them generally looked for material for applications in particularly the electrical/electronic accuracy instruments is their exceptionally low coefficient of warm development around room temperature when contrasted with different metals and comb inations. Be that as it may, these materials likewise have their restrictions and to conquer them, the scientists have either made ternary increases to the fundamental composite or have turned their center onto different blends of components named as invar type Ono et al (2007); Matsushita et al (2004); Gorria et al (2006); Zhichao et al (2002); Rongjin et al (2010); Kaji et al (2004); Matsushita et al (2009); Matsushita et al (2007). For instance, in some electrical/electronic applications another significant property required in competitor material is acceptable electrical conductivity. Iron based invar compounds can't be assembled as acceptable electrical channels. Therefore, to create invar compounds that show natural low coefficient of development and nearly better electrical conductivity, ternary augmentations of components like copper have been examined Stolk et al (1999); Bernhard et al. (1987). Also such expansion is required to diminish the assembling cost. Many exploratio n bunches have embraced the investigation of impact of expansion of copper onto invar properties of parallel iron nickel combinations however needed relationship between's the copper expansion to change or no adjustment in invar properties. This examination has been done to associate the invar impact to ternary expansion of copper to base iron nickel invar combination by supplanting nickel with copper and to decide warm properties of the recently created compounds for correlation with same properties of double invar amalgams. Test techniques For this examination, one twofold Fe65Ni35 (addendum demonstrates nuclear percent of the component) and five ternary Fe65Ni35-xCux where x was chosen to be equivalent to 0.2, 0.6, 1, 1.4 and 1.8 were readied. High immaculateness components (>99.9%) were gauged and consolidated on water cooled hearth of a vacuum curve melter. The procedure was conveyed in 600 mbar argon environment made in the wake of emptying the chamber to 10-5 mbar pressure. The combinations were dissolved a few times to guarantee careful blending of the fixings. To guarantee homogeneity, the examples were then warmed under vacuum in a Nebertherm heater at 1273 K roughly for one hundred and seventy hours. Homogenized examples were then weighed just as artificially broke down and saw as well inside the chose scope of set structure. Each example was then virus moved to about 0.2 mm thickness and afterward warmed at 1273 K for four hours to evacuate moving burdens. Tests of appropriate measurements were then cut from each strip for portrayal through X-beam diffraction (XRD) and differential examining calorimetry (DSC). XRD was done in a Bruker D8 Advance diffractometer outfitted with MRI high temperature chamber fitted with PtRh warmer component. Working conditions for the X-beam tube were set at 40 kV and 40 mA. The diffraction designs were recorded in the progression examine mode in the 2î ¸-territory from 20 to 120o with a stage of 0.01o. The in-situ high temperature X-beam diffraction of all examples was completed in 10-6 mbar vacuum with Ni-separated CuK radiation from room temperature to 473 K with a stage of 20 K and subsequently with a stage of 50 K till 773 K. DSC of all examples was done on SBT-Q600 differential checking calorimeter from room temperature to 1473 K at a warming pace of 20 K/minute under argon environment. 3. Results and conversation 3.1. Structure and cross section boundaries DSC outputs of the six chose invar amalgams were estimated (not appeared here). No sharp exothermal or endothermal pinnacle was seen in the explored temperature extend, it is consequently expected that the examples were single stage. Room temperature XRD examples of paired old style invar amalgam of Fe65Ni35 and ternary combinations of Fe65Ni35-xCux (x=0.2, 0.6, 1, 1.4 and 1.8) are appeared in Figure 1. It very well may be seen that all combinations are single stage and have face focused cubic (FCC) grid structure in affirmation to effectively distributed information on comparative compound frameworks Ono et al. (2007). The cross section boundaries of the examples under examination were controlled by the extrapolation of grid boundaries for all reflections against Nelson-Riley capacity to limit the irregular blunders Ziya et al (2006). The estimations of determined grid boundaries are given in Table 1. It tends to be seen that copper expansion to the twofold creation causes negligibl e diminishing in the cross section boundary true to form on the grounds that the copper with littler nuclear radii supplanted nickel particles in the structure of generally bigger sweep. 3.2 Thermal boundaries To research invar impact in the recently created combinations, it was wanted to quantify/ascertain three significant warm properties/boundaries vis-à -vis temperature; to be specific, coefficient of warm extension, Debye temperature and mean square adequacy of vibration. The outcomes got for every one of them are examined in succeeding sub areas. 3.2.1 Thermal development To research invar impact in these recently created combinations, high temperature XRD method was utilized. A typical perception from the sweeps of the considerable number of tests was that these examples are single stage combinations and no stage change happened in any of the compound up to check temperature (773 K). This perception is reliable with the consequences of DSC estimations. One of the significant boundary identifying with invar impact is coefficient of warm extension which is basically an impression of progress in cross section boundary with temperature. Temperature reliance of cross section boundary was determined for each example from the high temperature XRD information gathered during this investigation. Sweep at littler advance, 20 K up to 473 K and afterward bigger advance of 50 K to the greatest temperature, 773 K was set dependent on the outcomes distributed in writing for comparable kind of invar composites. For count reason information relating to (311) pinnacle of double amalgam, (220) pinnacle of Fe65Ni34.8Cu0.2 and (400) top for all other arrangement was utilized. Choice of these pinnacles was exclusively made because of their better temperature reliance over the whole temperature run. It very well may be seen that in all the examples the grid boundary nearly stays unaltered up to around 473 K and there ahead, the cross section boundary exp ands unimportantly to a limit of about 0.004 A㠍â ¦ at the greatest test temperature. Be that as it may, the impact of increment in temperature on increment in cross section boundary in twofold compound is progressive and practically straight though, in ternary composites, the expansion in grid boundary up to 473 K is inconsequential yet past this temperature it is noticeable and gets steep with increment in copper content. Coefficient of warm development ÃŽ ±(T) was then determined by least square fitting the determined cross section boundary information to second degree polynomial: ÃŽ ±(T) = A + BT + CT2 Where consistent A speaks to grid boundary of composite at outright zero, while B is the direct term coefficient and C speaks to the nonlinear term. The determined estimations of ÃŽ ±(T) and these constants are classified in Table 2 while ÃŽ ±(T) versus temperature is plotted in figure 2. It was discovered that no apparent change happens in the warm coefficient (ÃŽ ±) with temperature which is in accordance with the end from the cross section boundary counts. Further, the estimations of warm coefficient ÃŽ ±(T) determined in this examination coordinate to the qualities detailed before for Fe-Cu amalgams by different analysts, for example, (Goria et al. 2004 ). He (Goria et al. 2004) has revealed ÃŽ ± (T) for said compounds in the scope of 3ãâ€"10-6K-1 at a temperature of 350 K though in the current examination same estimation of ÃŽ ±(T) has been found up to the temperature of 450 K. In light of above introduced results and their investigation it tends to be reasoned that these terna ry composites have invar qualities up to test temperature go. 3.2.2 The Debye temperatures and the mean square amplitudes of vibration Debye temperature is normally decided from the incline of ln(Iobs/Ical)

Any topic you think is good for my paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Any subject you believe is useful for my paper - Essay Example I set that normal otherworldly differentiation exists in all societies. All religions including Christians, Muslims, and Buddhists among others have faith in an incomparable being, which they call God. It is easy to see that societies join more force in otherworldly. They accept that the normal comes and is impacted by the otherworldly. Consequently, they have an unmistakable qualification among common and extraordinary. Furthermore, all societies around the globe have their own heavenly convictions. It is elusive a culture that doesn't have social convictions, which depend on heavenly creatures. In any case, it is imperative to take note of that various societies have various manners by which they express their heavenly convictions. As I would like to think, normal heavenly qualification exists in all societies. The main distinction is that various societies have various manners by which they relate with normal and the otherworldly. Moreover, common heavenly differentiation is relative. This is on the grounds that what may show up as extraordinary to one culture may not be otherworldly to another culture. Be that as it may, normal powerful differentiation does without a doubt exist taking all things together

5 Examples of Extraneous Hyphens

5 Examples of Extraneous Hyphens 5 Examples of Extraneous Hyphens 5 Examples of Extraneous Hyphens By Mark Nichol Hyphens are useful easily overlooked details that guide in peruser understanding. Despite the fact that disarray isn't at extraordinary hazard in phrases like â€Å"sharp-dressed man† (however the exclusion of the hyphen proposes that the entry actually alludes to a dressed man who is sharp) others, for example, â€Å"small-business owner,† can at any rate summon diverting symbolism in the event that they overlook the hyphen. What's more, such hyphenated word strings as â€Å"song-and-move man† and â€Å"customer-relationship-the executives software† help keep the peruser concentrated, however sensibly loosening up an expression is regularly an invite arrangement: The previous expression isn’t depleting to peruse, yet what about â€Å"software for client relationship management† in lieu of the last mentioned? Then again, sins of commission seeing hyphenation are as endemic as those of oversight. Here are instances of unnecessary utilization: 1. â€Å"Mergers and acquisitions ground to a close stop in 2001.† â€Å"Near-halt† and its cousins â€Å"near-disaster† and â€Å"near-miss† are consequences of a misconception: When close to alters another descriptor, it ought to be hyphenated to its partner (â€Å"near-deadly accident†), however a hyphen serves no utilization in connecting close in detachment straightforwardly to a thing. 2. â€Å"The as of late propelled firm made due by constraining itself to unobtrusively scaled projects.† Verb modifiers finishing off with - ly never will be never hyphenated, however addition free qualifiers are: â€Å"longer-enduring freshness.† 3. â€Å"The for the most part level cleared path is an inline-skater’s dream.† Sometime in the past compound things that are presently open or shut, for example, â€Å"income tax† or â€Å"taskmaster,† were probably going to be hyphenated. That use, in any case, is currently viewed as antiquated (with some astounding special cases, for example, attitude and living thing). Securely expect that pretty much any such linkage you see is inaccurate however, to be protected, I offer the reverse of a bit of universally handy guidance: Distrust, yet confirm. 4. â€Å"She understood that the police office was not exactly committed to helping her.† Venture back and contemplate what advantage of perception gathers from making the wagon train of â€Å"less-than-dedicated,† then extract the culpable hyphens. 5. â€Å"The beginning focus is seven-feet tall.† The need of hyphenating physical measurements in phrasal descriptors (â€Å"the seven-foot-tall center†) confounds numerous essayists into accepting that any stating having to do with size or weight or separation must be connected. â€Å"Seven-foot-tall center† is hyphenated so as not to recommend that the tall community has seven feet, yet no such uncertainty goes to â€Å"seven feet tall.† Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Punctuation class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:Avoid Beginning a Sentence with â€Å"With†What is the Difference Between Metaphor and Simile?Prepositions to Die With

Using Video Games In Developing AI - Free Essay Example

According to Henry Lowood, video games before the 1970s operated without a single program code or algorithm, but developed with a simple logic design and television technologies (5). The introduction of microprocessors and computer circuits in the early 1970s contributed enormously to the improvement of algorithms, computer software, artificial intelligence and video games. Moreover, early AI researchers at MIT and Stanford University not only assisted in developing programmed games but also grafted AI onto video games and foresaw the boundless capacity of these new technologies. Nowadays, many people from various fields, including IT, are developing cognitive technology and striving to implement AI to their business in diverse forms. Since I am majoring in technology management in the college, in the half of my classes, the professors and classmates all talk about new technologies, AI in particular. I have learned that there are many forms of AI in industries from simple process automation to relatively complicated cognitive engagement. More importantly, the benefit that the cognitive technology will bring has a huge impact on manufacturing, logistics, marketing and sales. It is now easy to see automated robots in factories or communicate with an AI agent that provides customer service which is available any time even in late night. Nevertheless, cognitive technology that solves complex problems in real-world is not common yet. I remember when one of the professors asked in the class about the first experience on AI, most of the classmates answered the customer services or smart home devices. However, the first time I experienced AI was when I played against the AI program in Starcraft, a military real-time strategy video game from Blizzard Entertainment, in the summer of 1999. I did not know the significance of AI at that time, but the intelligent machines eventually become an important technology worldwide. I realized that the AI boom began with video games in the 1970s from the early popular adventure game Zork to the recent AI Go player AlphaGo as well as many others. It is already proven that AI and video games helped develop each other for decades. Adapting AI to video games is much easier than to the real world. Therefore, games could be an appropriate method to help AI adapt to the real world and solve physical problems that share similar properties to video games. I first became interested in the relationship between AI and games when Google DeepMinds AlphaGo, an AI program that plays the board game Go, beat Sedol Lee, the 18-time world champion considered to be the best Go player in the last decade. It has become more common for AI players to win games against humans in chess, quiz shows, Othello, and video games. Unlike other simple board games, Go is played on a board that has a 1919 grid of lines containing 361 points, and two players compete to surround more territory than their opponent with white and black stones in turns. Since there is a great number of possibilities that can be played on the board, DeepMind initially declared that the strongest computer programmed Go players before AlphaGo were only able to compete with amateur players despite decades of efforts (AlphaGo). Traditional AI methods, including the successful computer chess machine, built a search tree over all possible actions. However, the old methods could not be successful in Go because it was difficult to determine the strength of possible board positions and moves (AlphaGo). Researchers at DeepMind integrated Advanced Tree Search with Deep Neural Networks in order to understand the aspect of the board positions. According to the article The story of AlphaGo so far, the neural networks contain millions of neuron-like connections to calculate all possible moves, the Policy Network selects the next move, and the Value Network predicts the winner of the game (AlphaGo). Furthermore, with large amounts of amateur games data, AlphaGo understood what reasonable human play would look like, and developed itself through a process called Reinforcement Learning (AlphaGo). In March 2016, AlphaGo defeated Sedol Lee by 4-1 and became the first computer programmed player to win over a professional human Go player. DeepMind proposed that the goal of AlphaGo was not only to defeat professional human Go players, but also to implement AI in real-world situations. DeepMind believes that the approach of a cognitive programmed player will be applicable to real world structured problems sharing analogous features with a game like go (AlphaGo). It will be especially effective in problem-solving situations where the correct sequence is significant or planning tasks such as protein folding, reducing energy consumption, or searching for revolutionary new materials (AlphaGo). Likewise, the article Is chess the drosophila of artificial intelligence? A social history of an algorithm also has a similar viewpoint. Sin ce the mid-1960s, computer scientists have referred to chess as the drosophila, or fruit fly, of AI because chess is a relatively familiar, accessible, and simple experimental technology that can be applied to create valid information about more complex technology (Ensmenger 5). Ensmenger showed that algorithms of chess acted as a bridge to new technologies for computer software and for computer games in particular, and he emphasized that it is important to develop tools and methodologies for learning new technology (5, 23). By helping researchers in computer science to enhance the capacity of AI, chess is a suitable example of how games help AI adapt to realities and solve real-world problems. While I was learning about AI in another course, I found a video on TEDx YouTube that strongly supports my thesis. It is called Artificial intelligence, video games, and the mysteries of the mind by DeepMind senior research scientist Raia Hadsell, who earned her Ph.D. in Computer Science a t New York University. Her main thesis was Artificial intelligence could be the powerful tool we need to solve some of the biggest problems facing our world (TEDx Talks). There are many resources about AI, but what made me use this video as a primary source of my paper was that she worked with video games to prove her hypothesis. From the book, From counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism, Turner appeals that people should understand and control over the computer program as a tool, and the program should instruct users for control (115). Activities with computer and video games had once treated as technologies of dehumanization and anti-society, and, in the other hands, counterculture had been formed. Individuals, who controlled over the technology and invented for pleasure, were considered as hackers. The hackers from AI labs contributed to invention of SpaceWar and recognized as countercultural pioneers (Turner 116). Is it just a coincidence that both Hadsell and hackers are (AI researchers) who wanted to expose the technology and improved the world. I believe Turner wanted to suggest that the hacker culture allows people to learn computer technology as they wish to learn something about the world at large. There are conservative views on new technology, particulary on AI, mostly for taking humans working place or not having an ability to make a judgment like human beings. I suppose, despite of the pessimistic view on AI, Hadsell shares the hacker ethics that she wanted to expose the capability of AI and control the technology to solve the structured problems. Moreover, according to her, games are useful to objectively evaluate the AI agent and to compare scores with other AI agents. More importantly, Hadsell emphasized that games are a microcosm of human culture, and diverse and ubiquitous (TEDx Talks). However, she did not explain enough about why video games are the most suitable medium. I believe the article, Anytime, Anywhere: Tetsuwan Atomu Stickers and the Emergence of Character Merchandizing, can help explain why Hadsell choose video games as a medium of her experiments. Steinberg describes how media ubiquity with character stickers can be a communicative medium or technology of connection (128-129). He explains that characters that can be stuck anywhere and seen anytime have a capacity for interpersonal communication and persuasive force (Steinberg 128-129). Like Steinberg exemplified with the character sticker, video games are casually accessible, embedded in the environment, and connected to ubiquitous network structures. Therefore, the video games can be an effective medium of Hadsells presentation. To prove her hypothesis, her team tested 57 Atari games, and in most of them, the AI performed better than humans. She showed BreakOut and Pong as examples to prove how machines can quickly evolve with reinforcement learning (I believe Henry Lowood s article could prove why she used Atari games to test her experiments). In the last part of the video, she defined three reasons why she wanted to research AI. The first reason is to gain intelligence through interactions with a complex world (TEDx Talks). With another video game, The Infamous Montezumas Revenge, she wanted to exemplify that AI can break down complicated problems to simpler problems in order to answer questions and learn from them. The second reason is that she was deeply curious about how we work, and AI may be exactly the platform we need to prove those mysteries (TEDx Talks). The way AI learns from a video game with reinforcement learning is similar to how humans learn. As Turner supposed, Hadsell wanted to study the technology to learn something about the world at large (135). The last reason is that AI may be the powerful tool that we need to solve our problems to cure disease, to ease inequality, and to save the warming planet (TEDx Talks). As she mentione d, video games could be perfect places for AI agents to practice real-world tasks. There is not yet a complete artificial intelligence, but she believes that it is possible we could see one develop in the next decade. Hadsells three reasons greatly match my thesis that video games help AI adapt to the real world and solve physical problems that share similar properties to video games. While Hadsell tested her experiment with relatively simple Atari games, Artur Filipowicz, an AI researcher at Princeton University, has been trying to build AI software for autonomous vehicles using Grand Theft Auto V. GTA V is an action-adventure video game published by Rockstar Games, and it allows players to freely roam in an artificial city based on Los Angeles. The problem Filipowicz attempts to solve is that autonomous vehicles AI should be able to recognize stop signs. Since the failure of AI could cause a human fatality, it must perform the tasks without a single mistake. Video games that provides the virtual space could allow users and researchers to simulate situations that can be happened in the real-world or that is too dangerous to be happened or causing physical damages in reality. In addition, the cyber space of GTA V actually resembles the existing city. The virtual space that copies the real-world could act as an augmented reality, and provides more immersive experience to users. These reasons led Filipowicz to use GTA V to solve this real-world problem. I believe the book Hamlet on the Holodeck by Janet H. Murray also explains why GTA V is the perfect system for Filipowiczs research. According to Murray, games have a spatial capacity to represent navigable space (79-80). Because the cyber city of GTA V offers an artificial environment of Los Angeles, the game allows Filipowicz to develop and test his software without damaging anything in the real world. Furthermore, Murray also insists that video games have the encyclopedic capacity to simulate real -world-like situations. She used the video game SimCity to show that the software calculates the effects of each change by using models very like the ones used by social scientists and policymakers to study urban systems (Murray 87-88). Filipowiczs software could not only navigate through virtual streets and roads but also react to stop signs as the software would drive on real roads. Unlike the Atari games, video games, designed with encyclopedic capacity, provides more broad range of possible simulations that players can interact with greater freedom. Before researching for my thesis, I considered GTA V as a violent game that the users mainly play to rob, assassin, kidnap and so on. I did not also think about using GTA V for a scientific experiment. Moreover, playing such a high quality games require me to buy an expensive graphic card. These games providing immersive experience with ultra HD resolution contributed greatly to the improvement of graphic cards. The graphic pro cessing unit turned out to be incredibly effective when the graphic processing unit is applied to the calculations needed for neural nets. The GPU expeditiously manipulate memory to create images in a frame buffer. Because GPU was originally and mostly developed to dispay graphics for computer gaming, it decrease the unit costs and offered scale economies as well. This improvement also favors engineers to exam and produce better algorithms as well as allows computers to absorb larger data in a shorter period of time. For example, GPU enables the cryptocurrency miners to solve tough calculations in order to mine more cryptocurrencies. Video games like GTA V devoted to the improvement of technology both directly and indirectly. Particularly, GTA V provides the cyber space for researchers to test the hypothesis, and demands the development of hardware. In the actual test with the video game, the software could only detect 95.5% of the stop signs within 20 meters, and the software designers need to increase the accuracy in order for the application to be implemented (Filipowicz 24). The way Filipowicz used GTA V to simulate real-world problems in virtual space supports my thesis. GTA V acted as a medium to help the AI software adapt to the reality and solve structured problems that features analogous property to the game. Nowadays, many people talk about AI, and big IT companies strive to develop and implement this technology. Nevertheless, it is still controversial whether AI is truly beneficial to humans or it is likely to be a risk. Cognitive technology can reduce time and cost for many product and services as well as have abilities to learn and compute to provide good advices to people. Despite of the advantages, there are cons about AI too. For instance, some people believe that AI can be programmed to do something devasting, lead to major job loss, or do not have an ability to make judgments like humans. Not only the people from tech field, but also entire world are debating the aftereffect of the intelligent system. Some people might think that AI is years away from influencing our lives, but AI is actually affecting our daily life and our decisions such as smart phone applications, social media feeds, smart home devices, online advertising network, and so many others. In fact, the first time I experienced a cognitive program was when I played a video game. However, I was only aware of AI in video games as NPCs that either entertain players or instruct beginner and intermediate players. I now know that video games can be a great place where people and AI can practice physical problems. It has been proven that artificial intelligence and video games help develop each other. In addition, with the examples of DeepMind, Hadsell, and Filipowicz, I believe that video games can be a suitable medium that assists AI to adapt to the reality and solve problems facing the real world.

Factors Affecting The Production Of Production - 870 Words

Factors of production include the items needed in order to produce goods and services. Some examples of factors of production are the machinery or tools needed, the buildings or land including natural resources, as well as the labor or employees. They may also be referred to as land, labor, and capital. (Mankiw, N.G. 2014, P.374) If we are missing any of these items, we would not be able to produce the goods and services intended. The production function is the amount of output that can be reached from a certain number of inputs. It will provide information on increasing or decreasing returns to scale and the marginal products of labor and capital. (Mankiw, N.G. 2014, P. 376) This can provide information for the amount of workers needed for what needs to be produced. Marginal product of labor is the change in results of the output when we add or subtract a unit of labor. In order to calculate this marginal product of labor we would divide the change in total product by the change in variable input. Diminishing marginal product as defined in Chapter 18 states, â€Å"the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases.† (Mankiw, N.G. 2014, P. 376) For example on a farm, you can increase output by adding labor, fertilizer, and or water but only to a certain amount. Value of the marginal product is a measurement used to find a firms revenue. In order to calculate the value of the marginal product we must take marginalShow MoreRelatedAbiotic Factors Affecting Natural Resources Production Decisions789 Words   |  4 PagesMolokai HS NR Production â€Æ' TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Main Body†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 ABSTRACT Abiotic and biotic factors are extremely important factors for our environment. 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The Morality Of Female Contraception - 1735 Words

The Morality of Female Contraception The morality of contraception is subjective and heavily controversial among families, religious organizations, activist groups, politicians, and corporations. Contraception was first defined in the late 1800’s as the deliberate prevention of conception or impregnation by various techniques, drugs, or devices though contraceptive methods have been used and their morality debated for thousands of years. Raised in the Catholic faith, the teachings I have received did not support the use of contraceptives. Growing into maturity, life experience, and my own personal system of values has driven a change in my perspective on the morality of contraception. This narrative describes my position on the morality of contraceptives with consideration for the most common arguments against their use, effects on women’s health, and the role of equality in determining the morality of contraceptives. Common Arguments The most common arguments involve sexual promiscuity and Biblical direction. The use of contraceptives is often associated with similar controversies like sexual promiscuity, sex out of wedlock, and sex for physical enjoyment. The Catholic Church requires couples to practice natural family planning (NFP). NFP is a general name for the methods of family planning that are based on a woman’s menstrual cycle. NFP is God’s plan for achieving or avoiding pregnancy using the physical means that God has built into people. People would onlyShow MoreRelatedIs Abstinence Only Education For Adolescents Of Various Sexualities?964 Words   |  4 Pagesthe health of teenaged girls as well. The repression of female representation in health courses has contributed to the magnification of the gender stereotypes, where women are ideally portrayed as pure vessels if they remain virgins until marriage. 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Cultural Intimacy Social Poetics in the Nation-State

Question: Describe about the Cultural intimacy of Social poetics in the nation-state? Answer: 1. The marketing manager will design plans which will ensure a successful launch into the New Zealand Market. The main area of focus will be to hit the entire demographic segment with its renowned designer mobile phones, covering the high income as well as the medium income group. 2.The viability of the marketing plan and strategy should be confirmed from the immediate superior, who could be the General Manager of the company. He in turn may contact the Research and Development Team. 3.It is possible to formulate a number of marketing activities to attract the wide range of customers belonging to different age, gender, profession and cultural beliefs. Cultural social appropriateness- One of the main motives is to hit the society at large by designing lucrative handsets according to the customers age and gender. Various kiosks could be set up at public gatherings or shop-in-shops can also be set up inside various shopping malls. Cost- The cost of the handsets should be kept at a very competitive level. Neither it should be too high nor too low than the competitors. The prices should be displayed in an attractive manner through banners or hoardings both on the road and inside the shop-in-shops also. Viability suitability- The products should be made available to the customers easily. There should be adequate number of dealers and proper advertising and promotional events must be done to create the awareness of the brand in the mind of the customers. For implementing these activities, permission or approval needs to be obtained from the Regional Sales Manager, who in turn will seek approval from the National Head of the organization after proper discussion with the concerned persons. In this section we are going to elaborate the costs associated with 2 of the marketing activities. a) Cost of kiosk set up - The average cost of setting up a kiosk could be 130 NZD. Along with that there could be some associated costs for the refreshment of the person at the kiosk. b) Cost of shop-in-shop The average cost of developing a shop-in-shop inside a mall could be approximately 220 NZD. The first preference would be Kiosks as they could be set up in different locations at a comparatively cheaper cost. The second choice will be setting up the shop-in-shops at various malls, which will be obviously more expensive. The resources required for setting up shop-in-shops as well as kiosks are a good advertising campaign, organizations who build customized kiosks and shop-in-shops, a few employees of the company who would sit in the kiosks and look after the shop-in-shops. Some people might also be hired from the outside (Brown Harvey, 2011). After deciding on the marketing plan finally, the company needs to intimate that to the marketing and advertising department. Each employee must actively participate in the process and for that purpose the company should design certain banners and place them inside the office premises to catch the attention of every employee and make them involved in the process. In order to connect with the people of different cultures, beliefs and ages in New Zealand, firstly, the organization should take care to learn the native language of the place. They should understand the socio-cultural scenario and the tastes and preferences of the entire demographic segment. Secondly, the persons associated with the company should have good communication skills, along with convincing and understanding powers. A successful company is one who has crossed the barriers of nationality into the international market. The motto of Somotel should be to empathize with the native people of New Zealand and understand their values and culture and then provide services keeping that in mind. The company has to face many challenges while setting up business in the international market and a majority of the success depends on the proper negotiation skills. After all the strategies have been approved by the higher authority, it is finally the time for implementation. It is very important to follow the guidelines which have been designed. The budget should be put into practice and care should be taken so that there is minimum deviation. In this way the promotional activities need to be launched. The promotional activities should be wisely assigned to the respective persons. It is to be observed that these plans and strategies are followed religiously and there is no deviation. For this reason the supervisors should monitor what their subordinates are doing and in case of breach, proper action should be taken. After setting up the objectives of the company, they should be properly implemented to be on the right path. From time to time the managers should monitor the business performance of the employees and see whether they are working in the right direction or not. Periodical appraisal programs should be developed for each employee. Here we will discuss about how the marketing activities meet the various legal, ethical, safety cultural requirements. For any organization, in order to succeed in the long run, especially in the international market, it is of utmost importance to follow all the legal and ethical requirements. The performance of the marketing plan should be monitored at every level. Every process shall be strictly monitored by the respective supervisors who have been assigned their respective tasks. It should be maintained by the entire hierarchy and strict action should be taken if any one deviates. In case of any gap between the performance as desired and as obtained, the company should act very smart in dealing with such issues. It should investigate the reason for such gap and try to understand the reason behind it. If it is found that the employee is guilty, then at first the employer should use constructive criticism and try to deal with the employee one to one. If this does not solve the problem in future, then the manager can take a strong action against him. In case there is an over-achievement of targets by the employee, then the company should provide him with incentives and rewards. The company should put special focus on the performing employees and motivate them more and more and reward them accordingly because this will increase their motivation. In order to motivate the staffs to perform more, the company has to set up rewards and recognitions programs, lucrative incentive structures and promotion paths for the employees. The employees should always be motivated to work more and give that extra effort, so that they can earn their promotions and incentives. The marketing mix comprises of the following:- Product Price Place Promotion Regarding all these criteria, it is very important for the company to get proper feedback from the customers. What the customers feel about the product, whether they like it or not, what could be improved, should be known, if the company has to sustain in the international market. A constant research work needs to be present in order to identify the varying tastes and preferences of the customers. The world is dynamic. What is liked today may not be liked tomorrow. So the company should continuously update its products and services according to the demand of the customers (Bryman, 2012). The SWOT analysis method can be used to identify changes in the market phenomena for new business opportunities. Here is a brief description of the process:- Strength- identifies the strength of the company compared with the rivals. Weakness- what are the areas of weakness where the company should rectify. Opportunity- it refers to what could be the new opportunities for the company in the industry. Threats- In this analysis, it is to be seen what are the rival companies and what threats they can pose for the company (Rapport, 2014). International Commercial Terms (INCOTERMS) - Incoterms or International Commercial Terms refer to various regulations relating to trade and commerce which are followed in both domestic and international trade. They are framed by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC). It makes the international trading easier. It was passed in 1936 and has been updated over a period of time and the last one was in 2010. Customs Legislation Amendment and Repeal Act- It refers to a bill which was passed in order to make amendments and also to revoke certain legislative clauses relating to the Customs and similar purposes. It was passed last on 2000. It is also known as International Trade Modernization Bill. Trade Practices Act- The Trade Practices Act was introduced in Australia in 1974 in order to have control and regulation over the trading activities. It replaced the prevailing Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1971. It was passed to frame some basic set of guidelines for the legal occurrence of trade and commerce in Australia. Warsaw Convention- The Warsaw Convention was signed on 12th October 1929 in Warsaw, the capital of Poland. It is a treaty which relates to various clauses relating to international aviation. It lays down various liabilities relating to the aircraft company, both in case of passenger travel and goods travel. It came into force from 13th February 1933. World Trade Organization- It came into existence on 1st January 1995. It is an organization for the regularization of international trade. Its headquarters is in Geneva, Switzerland. Its main objective is to liberalize and supervise international trade. It has currently 160 member countries under its supervision. Organizational client relationship strategy- For any organization the clients are the main seeds of revenue and growth. So a firm should give absolute priority to servicing the clients and retaining their loyalty towards the organization for a long period of time. This can be done by developing capable relationship managers and training them well on how to service clients with loyalty and knowledge (Herzfeld, 2014). References: Herzfeld, M. (2014).Cultural intimacy: Social poetics in the nation-state. Routledge. Rapport, N. (2014).Social and cultural anthropology: The key concepts. Routledge. Bryman, A. (2012).Social research methods. Oxford university press. Brown, D. R., Harvey, D. (2011).An experiential approach to organization development. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.