New Ternary Fe-Ni-Cu Invar Alloys Preparation

New Ternary Fe-Ni-Cu Invar Alloys Preparation Arrangement and Characterization of New Ternary Fe-Ni-Cu Invar composites S Ahmada, A B Ziya[1], an, An Ibrahimb, S Atiqb, N Ahmada and F Bashirc Conceptual. Six compounds of Fe65Ni35-xCux(x= 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 1.4, 1.8 at.%) have been set up by ordinary curve liquefying method and described by using in-situ X-beam diffraction (XRD) procedure and differential examining calorimetry (DSC) at a range from room temperature to 773 K for assurance of stage. The examinations show that these amalgams structure face focused cubic (FCC) all through the researched temperature extend. The X-beam coordinated powers of different reflections were utilized to decide the coefficient of warm extension ÃŽ ±(T), mean square sufficiency of vibrations and trademark Debye temperature ÃŽËœD. The ternary replacement of copper minorly affects the cross section boundary yet the Debye temperature ÃŽËœD is found to diminish with the expansion of copper content in the compound. The coefficients of warm development ÃŽ ±(T) were seen as similar to those for customary Fe-Ni invar compounds. Keywords: Invar composites; cross section boundaries; warm development; X-beam diffraction Presentation Iron rich invar composites have been of distinct fascination for analysts and designers, for their own reasons and premiums, since their disclosure in 1898 Guillaume and Hebd (1987) due to their one of a kind arrangement of properties marked as invar irregularity or invar impact. Various speculations and models have been proposed to clarify these deviations in the conduct of these combinations from different materials yet at the same time there are numerous inquiries uncertain Sanyal and Bose (2000); Iwase et al (2003); Matsushima et al (2006); Goria et al (2010); Yichun et al (2009); Tabakovic et al (2010); Pepperhoff et al (2001); Duffaut et al (1990); Matsushita et al (2008). One of the most significant property of these compounds that made them generally looked for material for applications in particularly the electrical/electronic accuracy instruments is their exceptionally low coefficient of warm development around room temperature when contrasted with different metals and comb inations. Be that as it may, these materials likewise have their restrictions and to conquer them, the scientists have either made ternary increases to the fundamental composite or have turned their center onto different blends of components named as invar type Ono et al (2007); Matsushita et al (2004); Gorria et al (2006); Zhichao et al (2002); Rongjin et al (2010); Kaji et al (2004); Matsushita et al (2009); Matsushita et al (2007). For instance, in some electrical/electronic applications another significant property required in competitor material is acceptable electrical conductivity. Iron based invar compounds can't be assembled as acceptable electrical channels. Therefore, to create invar compounds that show natural low coefficient of development and nearly better electrical conductivity, ternary augmentations of components like copper have been examined Stolk et al (1999); Bernhard et al. (1987). Also such expansion is required to diminish the assembling cost. Many exploratio n bunches have embraced the investigation of impact of expansion of copper onto invar properties of parallel iron nickel combinations however needed relationship between's the copper expansion to change or no adjustment in invar properties. This examination has been done to associate the invar impact to ternary expansion of copper to base iron nickel invar combination by supplanting nickel with copper and to decide warm properties of the recently created compounds for correlation with same properties of double invar amalgams. Test techniques For this examination, one twofold Fe65Ni35 (addendum demonstrates nuclear percent of the component) and five ternary Fe65Ni35-xCux where x was chosen to be equivalent to 0.2, 0.6, 1, 1.4 and 1.8 were readied. High immaculateness components (>99.9%) were gauged and consolidated on water cooled hearth of a vacuum curve melter. The procedure was conveyed in 600 mbar argon environment made in the wake of emptying the chamber to 10-5 mbar pressure. The combinations were dissolved a few times to guarantee careful blending of the fixings. To guarantee homogeneity, the examples were then warmed under vacuum in a Nebertherm heater at 1273 K roughly for one hundred and seventy hours. Homogenized examples were then weighed just as artificially broke down and saw as well inside the chose scope of set structure. Each example was then virus moved to about 0.2 mm thickness and afterward warmed at 1273 K for four hours to evacuate moving burdens. Tests of appropriate measurements were then cut from each strip for portrayal through X-beam diffraction (XRD) and differential examining calorimetry (DSC). XRD was done in a Bruker D8 Advance diffractometer outfitted with MRI high temperature chamber fitted with PtRh warmer component. Working conditions for the X-beam tube were set at 40 kV and 40 mA. The diffraction designs were recorded in the progression examine mode in the 2î ¸-territory from 20 to 120o with a stage of 0.01o. The in-situ high temperature X-beam diffraction of all examples was completed in 10-6 mbar vacuum with Ni-separated CuK radiation from room temperature to 473 K with a stage of 20 K and subsequently with a stage of 50 K till 773 K. DSC of all examples was done on SBT-Q600 differential checking calorimeter from room temperature to 1473 K at a warming pace of 20 K/minute under argon environment. 3. Results and conversation 3.1. Structure and cross section boundaries DSC outputs of the six chose invar amalgams were estimated (not appeared here). No sharp exothermal or endothermal pinnacle was seen in the explored temperature extend, it is consequently expected that the examples were single stage. Room temperature XRD examples of paired old style invar amalgam of Fe65Ni35 and ternary combinations of Fe65Ni35-xCux (x=0.2, 0.6, 1, 1.4 and 1.8) are appeared in Figure 1. It very well may be seen that all combinations are single stage and have face focused cubic (FCC) grid structure in affirmation to effectively distributed information on comparative compound frameworks Ono et al. (2007). The cross section boundaries of the examples under examination were controlled by the extrapolation of grid boundaries for all reflections against Nelson-Riley capacity to limit the irregular blunders Ziya et al (2006). The estimations of determined grid boundaries are given in Table 1. It tends to be seen that copper expansion to the twofold creation causes negligibl e diminishing in the cross section boundary true to form on the grounds that the copper with littler nuclear radii supplanted nickel particles in the structure of generally bigger sweep. 3.2 Thermal boundaries To research invar impact in the recently created combinations, it was wanted to quantify/ascertain three significant warm properties/boundaries vis-à -vis temperature; to be specific, coefficient of warm extension, Debye temperature and mean square adequacy of vibration. The outcomes got for every one of them are examined in succeeding sub areas. 3.2.1 Thermal development To research invar impact in these recently created combinations, high temperature XRD method was utilized. A typical perception from the sweeps of the considerable number of tests was that these examples are single stage combinations and no stage change happened in any of the compound up to check temperature (773 K). This perception is reliable with the consequences of DSC estimations. One of the significant boundary identifying with invar impact is coefficient of warm extension which is basically an impression of progress in cross section boundary with temperature. Temperature reliance of cross section boundary was determined for each example from the high temperature XRD information gathered during this investigation. Sweep at littler advance, 20 K up to 473 K and afterward bigger advance of 50 K to the greatest temperature, 773 K was set dependent on the outcomes distributed in writing for comparable kind of invar composites. For count reason information relating to (311) pinnacle of double amalgam, (220) pinnacle of Fe65Ni34.8Cu0.2 and (400) top for all other arrangement was utilized. Choice of these pinnacles was exclusively made because of their better temperature reliance over the whole temperature run. It very well may be seen that in all the examples the grid boundary nearly stays unaltered up to around 473 K and there ahead, the cross section boundary exp ands unimportantly to a limit of about 0.004 A㠍â ¦ at the greatest test temperature. Be that as it may, the impact of increment in temperature on increment in cross section boundary in twofold compound is progressive and practically straight though, in ternary composites, the expansion in grid boundary up to 473 K is inconsequential yet past this temperature it is noticeable and gets steep with increment in copper content. Coefficient of warm development ÃŽ ±(T) was then determined by least square fitting the determined cross section boundary information to second degree polynomial: ÃŽ ±(T) = A + BT + CT2 Where consistent A speaks to grid boundary of composite at outright zero, while B is the direct term coefficient and C speaks to the nonlinear term. The determined estimations of ÃŽ ±(T) and these constants are classified in Table 2 while ÃŽ ±(T) versus temperature is plotted in figure 2. It was discovered that no apparent change happens in the warm coefficient (ÃŽ ±) with temperature which is in accordance with the end from the cross section boundary counts. Further, the estimations of warm coefficient ÃŽ ±(T) determined in this examination coordinate to the qualities detailed before for Fe-Cu amalgams by different analysts, for example, (Goria et al. 2004 ). He (Goria et al. 2004) has revealed ÃŽ ± (T) for said compounds in the scope of 3ãâ€"10-6K-1 at a temperature of 350 K though in the current examination same estimation of ÃŽ ±(T) has been found up to the temperature of 450 K. In light of above introduced results and their investigation it tends to be reasoned that these terna ry composites have invar qualities up to test temperature go. 3.2.2 The Debye temperatures and the mean square amplitudes of vibration Debye temperature is normally decided from the incline of ln(Iobs/Ical)

Any topic you think is good for my paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Any subject you believe is useful for my paper - Essay Example I set that normal otherworldly differentiation exists in all societies. All religions including Christians, Muslims, and Buddhists among others have faith in an incomparable being, which they call God. It is easy to see that societies join more force in otherworldly. They accept that the normal comes and is impacted by the otherworldly. Consequently, they have an unmistakable qualification among common and extraordinary. Furthermore, all societies around the globe have their own heavenly convictions. It is elusive a culture that doesn't have social convictions, which depend on heavenly creatures. In any case, it is imperative to take note of that various societies have various manners by which they express their heavenly convictions. As I would like to think, normal heavenly qualification exists in all societies. The main distinction is that various societies have various manners by which they relate with normal and the otherworldly. Moreover, common heavenly differentiation is relative. This is on the grounds that what may show up as extraordinary to one culture may not be otherworldly to another culture. Be that as it may, normal powerful differentiation does without a doubt exist taking all things together

5 Examples of Extraneous Hyphens

5 Examples of Extraneous Hyphens 5 Examples of Extraneous Hyphens 5 Examples of Extraneous Hyphens By Mark Nichol Hyphens are useful easily overlooked details that guide in peruser understanding. Despite the fact that disarray isn't at extraordinary hazard in phrases like â€Å"sharp-dressed man† (however the exclusion of the hyphen proposes that the entry actually alludes to a dressed man who is sharp) others, for example, â€Å"small-business owner,† can at any rate summon diverting symbolism in the event that they overlook the hyphen. What's more, such hyphenated word strings as â€Å"song-and-move man† and â€Å"customer-relationship-the executives software† help keep the peruser concentrated, however sensibly loosening up an expression is regularly an invite arrangement: The previous expression isn’t depleting to peruse, yet what about â€Å"software for client relationship management† in lieu of the last mentioned? Then again, sins of commission seeing hyphenation are as endemic as those of oversight. Here are instances of unnecessary utilization: 1. â€Å"Mergers and acquisitions ground to a close stop in 2001.† â€Å"Near-halt† and its cousins â€Å"near-disaster† and â€Å"near-miss† are consequences of a misconception: When close to alters another descriptor, it ought to be hyphenated to its partner (â€Å"near-deadly accident†), however a hyphen serves no utilization in connecting close in detachment straightforwardly to a thing. 2. â€Å"The as of late propelled firm made due by constraining itself to unobtrusively scaled projects.† Verb modifiers finishing off with - ly never will be never hyphenated, however addition free qualifiers are: â€Å"longer-enduring freshness.† 3. â€Å"The for the most part level cleared path is an inline-skater’s dream.† Sometime in the past compound things that are presently open or shut, for example, â€Å"income tax† or â€Å"taskmaster,† were probably going to be hyphenated. That use, in any case, is currently viewed as antiquated (with some astounding special cases, for example, attitude and living thing). Securely expect that pretty much any such linkage you see is inaccurate however, to be protected, I offer the reverse of a bit of universally handy guidance: Distrust, yet confirm. 4. â€Å"She understood that the police office was not exactly committed to helping her.† Venture back and contemplate what advantage of perception gathers from making the wagon train of â€Å"less-than-dedicated,† then extract the culpable hyphens. 5. â€Å"The beginning focus is seven-feet tall.† The need of hyphenating physical measurements in phrasal descriptors (â€Å"the seven-foot-tall center†) confounds numerous essayists into accepting that any stating having to do with size or weight or separation must be connected. â€Å"Seven-foot-tall center† is hyphenated so as not to recommend that the tall community has seven feet, yet no such uncertainty goes to â€Å"seven feet tall.† Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Punctuation class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:Avoid Beginning a Sentence with â€Å"With†What is the Difference Between Metaphor and Simile?Prepositions to Die With

Using Video Games In Developing AI - Free Essay Example

According to Henry Lowood, video games before the 1970s operated without a single program code or algorithm, but developed with a simple logic design and television technologies (5). The introduction of microprocessors and computer circuits in the early 1970s contributed enormously to the improvement of algorithms, computer software, artificial intelligence and video games. Moreover, early AI researchers at MIT and Stanford University not only assisted in developing programmed games but also grafted AI onto video games and foresaw the boundless capacity of these new technologies. Nowadays, many people from various fields, including IT, are developing cognitive technology and striving to implement AI to their business in diverse forms. Since I am majoring in technology management in the college, in the half of my classes, the professors and classmates all talk about new technologies, AI in particular. I have learned that there are many forms of AI in industries from simple process automation to relatively complicated cognitive engagement. More importantly, the benefit that the cognitive technology will bring has a huge impact on manufacturing, logistics, marketing and sales. It is now easy to see automated robots in factories or communicate with an AI agent that provides customer service which is available any time even in late night. Nevertheless, cognitive technology that solves complex problems in real-world is not common yet. I remember when one of the professors asked in the class about the first experience on AI, most of the classmates answered the customer services or smart home devices. However, the first time I experienced AI was when I played against the AI program in Starcraft, a military real-time strategy video game from Blizzard Entertainment, in the summer of 1999. I did not know the significance of AI at that time, but the intelligent machines eventually become an important technology worldwide. I realized that the AI boom began with video games in the 1970s from the early popular adventure game Zork to the recent AI Go player AlphaGo as well as many others. It is already proven that AI and video games helped develop each other for decades. Adapting AI to video games is much easier than to the real world. Therefore, games could be an appropriate method to help AI adapt to the real world and solve physical problems that share similar properties to video games. I first became interested in the relationship between AI and games when Google DeepMinds AlphaGo, an AI program that plays the board game Go, beat Sedol Lee, the 18-time world champion considered to be the best Go player in the last decade. It has become more common for AI players to win games against humans in chess, quiz shows, Othello, and video games. Unlike other simple board games, Go is played on a board that has a 1919 grid of lines containing 361 points, and two players compete to surround more territory than their opponent with white and black stones in turns. Since there is a great number of possibilities that can be played on the board, DeepMind initially declared that the strongest computer programmed Go players before AlphaGo were only able to compete with amateur players despite decades of efforts (AlphaGo). Traditional AI methods, including the successful computer chess machine, built a search tree over all possible actions. However, the old methods could not be successful in Go because it was difficult to determine the strength of possible board positions and moves (AlphaGo). Researchers at DeepMind integrated Advanced Tree Search with Deep Neural Networks in order to understand the aspect of the board positions. According to the article The story of AlphaGo so far, the neural networks contain millions of neuron-like connections to calculate all possible moves, the Policy Network selects the next move, and the Value Network predicts the winner of the game (AlphaGo). Furthermore, with large amounts of amateur games data, AlphaGo understood what reasonable human play would look like, and developed itself through a process called Reinforcement Learning (AlphaGo). In March 2016, AlphaGo defeated Sedol Lee by 4-1 and became the first computer programmed player to win over a professional human Go player. DeepMind proposed that the goal of AlphaGo was not only to defeat professional human Go players, but also to implement AI in real-world situations. DeepMind believes that the approach of a cognitive programmed player will be applicable to real world structured problems sharing analogous features with a game like go (AlphaGo). It will be especially effective in problem-solving situations where the correct sequence is significant or planning tasks such as protein folding, reducing energy consumption, or searching for revolutionary new materials (AlphaGo). Likewise, the article Is chess the drosophila of artificial intelligence? A social history of an algorithm also has a similar viewpoint. Sin ce the mid-1960s, computer scientists have referred to chess as the drosophila, or fruit fly, of AI because chess is a relatively familiar, accessible, and simple experimental technology that can be applied to create valid information about more complex technology (Ensmenger 5). Ensmenger showed that algorithms of chess acted as a bridge to new technologies for computer software and for computer games in particular, and he emphasized that it is important to develop tools and methodologies for learning new technology (5, 23). By helping researchers in computer science to enhance the capacity of AI, chess is a suitable example of how games help AI adapt to realities and solve real-world problems. While I was learning about AI in another course, I found a video on TEDx YouTube that strongly supports my thesis. It is called Artificial intelligence, video games, and the mysteries of the mind by DeepMind senior research scientist Raia Hadsell, who earned her Ph.D. in Computer Science a t New York University. Her main thesis was Artificial intelligence could be the powerful tool we need to solve some of the biggest problems facing our world (TEDx Talks). There are many resources about AI, but what made me use this video as a primary source of my paper was that she worked with video games to prove her hypothesis. From the book, From counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism, Turner appeals that people should understand and control over the computer program as a tool, and the program should instruct users for control (115). Activities with computer and video games had once treated as technologies of dehumanization and anti-society, and, in the other hands, counterculture had been formed. Individuals, who controlled over the technology and invented for pleasure, were considered as hackers. The hackers from AI labs contributed to invention of SpaceWar and recognized as countercultural pioneers (Turner 116). Is it just a coincidence that both Hadsell and hackers are (AI researchers) who wanted to expose the technology and improved the world. I believe Turner wanted to suggest that the hacker culture allows people to learn computer technology as they wish to learn something about the world at large. There are conservative views on new technology, particulary on AI, mostly for taking humans working place or not having an ability to make a judgment like human beings. I suppose, despite of the pessimistic view on AI, Hadsell shares the hacker ethics that she wanted to expose the capability of AI and control the technology to solve the structured problems. Moreover, according to her, games are useful to objectively evaluate the AI agent and to compare scores with other AI agents. More importantly, Hadsell emphasized that games are a microcosm of human culture, and diverse and ubiquitous (TEDx Talks). However, she did not explain enough about why video games are the most suitable medium. I believe the article, Anytime, Anywhere: Tetsuwan Atomu Stickers and the Emergence of Character Merchandizing, can help explain why Hadsell choose video games as a medium of her experiments. Steinberg describes how media ubiquity with character stickers can be a communicative medium or technology of connection (128-129). He explains that characters that can be stuck anywhere and seen anytime have a capacity for interpersonal communication and persuasive force (Steinberg 128-129). Like Steinberg exemplified with the character sticker, video games are casually accessible, embedded in the environment, and connected to ubiquitous network structures. Therefore, the video games can be an effective medium of Hadsells presentation. To prove her hypothesis, her team tested 57 Atari games, and in most of them, the AI performed better than humans. She showed BreakOut and Pong as examples to prove how machines can quickly evolve with reinforcement learning (I believe Henry Lowood s article could prove why she used Atari games to test her experiments). In the last part of the video, she defined three reasons why she wanted to research AI. The first reason is to gain intelligence through interactions with a complex world (TEDx Talks). With another video game, The Infamous Montezumas Revenge, she wanted to exemplify that AI can break down complicated problems to simpler problems in order to answer questions and learn from them. The second reason is that she was deeply curious about how we work, and AI may be exactly the platform we need to prove those mysteries (TEDx Talks). The way AI learns from a video game with reinforcement learning is similar to how humans learn. As Turner supposed, Hadsell wanted to study the technology to learn something about the world at large (135). The last reason is that AI may be the powerful tool that we need to solve our problems to cure disease, to ease inequality, and to save the warming planet (TEDx Talks). As she mentione d, video games could be perfect places for AI agents to practice real-world tasks. There is not yet a complete artificial intelligence, but she believes that it is possible we could see one develop in the next decade. Hadsells three reasons greatly match my thesis that video games help AI adapt to the real world and solve physical problems that share similar properties to video games. While Hadsell tested her experiment with relatively simple Atari games, Artur Filipowicz, an AI researcher at Princeton University, has been trying to build AI software for autonomous vehicles using Grand Theft Auto V. GTA V is an action-adventure video game published by Rockstar Games, and it allows players to freely roam in an artificial city based on Los Angeles. The problem Filipowicz attempts to solve is that autonomous vehicles AI should be able to recognize stop signs. Since the failure of AI could cause a human fatality, it must perform the tasks without a single mistake. Video games that provides the virtual space could allow users and researchers to simulate situations that can be happened in the real-world or that is too dangerous to be happened or causing physical damages in reality. In addition, the cyber space of GTA V actually resembles the existing city. The virtual space that copies the real-world could act as an augmented reality, and provides more immersive experience to users. These reasons led Filipowicz to use GTA V to solve this real-world problem. I believe the book Hamlet on the Holodeck by Janet H. Murray also explains why GTA V is the perfect system for Filipowiczs research. According to Murray, games have a spatial capacity to represent navigable space (79-80). Because the cyber city of GTA V offers an artificial environment of Los Angeles, the game allows Filipowicz to develop and test his software without damaging anything in the real world. Furthermore, Murray also insists that video games have the encyclopedic capacity to simulate real -world-like situations. She used the video game SimCity to show that the software calculates the effects of each change by using models very like the ones used by social scientists and policymakers to study urban systems (Murray 87-88). Filipowiczs software could not only navigate through virtual streets and roads but also react to stop signs as the software would drive on real roads. Unlike the Atari games, video games, designed with encyclopedic capacity, provides more broad range of possible simulations that players can interact with greater freedom. Before researching for my thesis, I considered GTA V as a violent game that the users mainly play to rob, assassin, kidnap and so on. I did not also think about using GTA V for a scientific experiment. Moreover, playing such a high quality games require me to buy an expensive graphic card. These games providing immersive experience with ultra HD resolution contributed greatly to the improvement of graphic cards. The graphic pro cessing unit turned out to be incredibly effective when the graphic processing unit is applied to the calculations needed for neural nets. The GPU expeditiously manipulate memory to create images in a frame buffer. Because GPU was originally and mostly developed to dispay graphics for computer gaming, it decrease the unit costs and offered scale economies as well. This improvement also favors engineers to exam and produce better algorithms as well as allows computers to absorb larger data in a shorter period of time. For example, GPU enables the cryptocurrency miners to solve tough calculations in order to mine more cryptocurrencies. Video games like GTA V devoted to the improvement of technology both directly and indirectly. Particularly, GTA V provides the cyber space for researchers to test the hypothesis, and demands the development of hardware. In the actual test with the video game, the software could only detect 95.5% of the stop signs within 20 meters, and the software designers need to increase the accuracy in order for the application to be implemented (Filipowicz 24). The way Filipowicz used GTA V to simulate real-world problems in virtual space supports my thesis. GTA V acted as a medium to help the AI software adapt to the reality and solve structured problems that features analogous property to the game. Nowadays, many people talk about AI, and big IT companies strive to develop and implement this technology. Nevertheless, it is still controversial whether AI is truly beneficial to humans or it is likely to be a risk. Cognitive technology can reduce time and cost for many product and services as well as have abilities to learn and compute to provide good advices to people. Despite of the advantages, there are cons about AI too. For instance, some people believe that AI can be programmed to do something devasting, lead to major job loss, or do not have an ability to make judgments like humans. Not only the people from tech field, but also entire world are debating the aftereffect of the intelligent system. Some people might think that AI is years away from influencing our lives, but AI is actually affecting our daily life and our decisions such as smart phone applications, social media feeds, smart home devices, online advertising network, and so many others. In fact, the first time I experienced a cognitive program was when I played a video game. However, I was only aware of AI in video games as NPCs that either entertain players or instruct beginner and intermediate players. I now know that video games can be a great place where people and AI can practice physical problems. It has been proven that artificial intelligence and video games help develop each other. In addition, with the examples of DeepMind, Hadsell, and Filipowicz, I believe that video games can be a suitable medium that assists AI to adapt to the reality and solve problems facing the real world.

Factors Affecting The Production Of Production - 870 Words

Factors of production include the items needed in order to produce goods and services. Some examples of factors of production are the machinery or tools needed, the buildings or land including natural resources, as well as the labor or employees. They may also be referred to as land, labor, and capital. (Mankiw, N.G. 2014, P.374) If we are missing any of these items, we would not be able to produce the goods and services intended. The production function is the amount of output that can be reached from a certain number of inputs. It will provide information on increasing or decreasing returns to scale and the marginal products of labor and capital. (Mankiw, N.G. 2014, P. 376) This can provide information for the amount of workers needed for what needs to be produced. Marginal product of labor is the change in results of the output when we add or subtract a unit of labor. In order to calculate this marginal product of labor we would divide the change in total product by the change in variable input. Diminishing marginal product as defined in Chapter 18 states, â€Å"the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases.† (Mankiw, N.G. 2014, P. 376) For example on a farm, you can increase output by adding labor, fertilizer, and or water but only to a certain amount. Value of the marginal product is a measurement used to find a firms revenue. In order to calculate the value of the marginal product we must take marginalShow MoreRelatedAbiotic Factors Affecting Natural Resources Production Decisions789 Words   |  4 PagesMolokai HS NR Production â€Æ' TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Main Body†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 ABSTRACT Abiotic and biotic factors are extremely important factors for our environment. 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The Morality Of Female Contraception - 1735 Words

The Morality of Female Contraception The morality of contraception is subjective and heavily controversial among families, religious organizations, activist groups, politicians, and corporations. Contraception was first defined in the late 1800’s as the deliberate prevention of conception or impregnation by various techniques, drugs, or devices though contraceptive methods have been used and their morality debated for thousands of years. Raised in the Catholic faith, the teachings I have received did not support the use of contraceptives. Growing into maturity, life experience, and my own personal system of values has driven a change in my perspective on the morality of contraception. This narrative describes my position on the morality of contraceptives with consideration for the most common arguments against their use, effects on women’s health, and the role of equality in determining the morality of contraceptives. Common Arguments The most common arguments involve sexual promiscuity and Biblical direction. The use of contraceptives is often associated with similar controversies like sexual promiscuity, sex out of wedlock, and sex for physical enjoyment. The Catholic Church requires couples to practice natural family planning (NFP). NFP is a general name for the methods of family planning that are based on a woman’s menstrual cycle. NFP is God’s plan for achieving or avoiding pregnancy using the physical means that God has built into people. People would onlyShow MoreRelatedIs Abstinence Only Education For Adolescents Of Various Sexualities?964 Words   |  4 Pagesthe health of teenaged girls as well. The repression of female representation in health courses has contributed to the magnification of the gender stereotypes, where women are ideally portrayed as pure vessels if they remain virgins until marriage. 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This Supreme Court decision determined the fate for women seeking abortions and protected future physicians from being prosecuted when an abortion is performed within the state’s guidelines. Although there is much division on abortion and

Cultural Intimacy Social Poetics in the Nation-State

Question: Describe about the Cultural intimacy of Social poetics in the nation-state? Answer: 1. The marketing manager will design plans which will ensure a successful launch into the New Zealand Market. The main area of focus will be to hit the entire demographic segment with its renowned designer mobile phones, covering the high income as well as the medium income group. 2.The viability of the marketing plan and strategy should be confirmed from the immediate superior, who could be the General Manager of the company. He in turn may contact the Research and Development Team. 3.It is possible to formulate a number of marketing activities to attract the wide range of customers belonging to different age, gender, profession and cultural beliefs. Cultural social appropriateness- One of the main motives is to hit the society at large by designing lucrative handsets according to the customers age and gender. Various kiosks could be set up at public gatherings or shop-in-shops can also be set up inside various shopping malls. Cost- The cost of the handsets should be kept at a very competitive level. Neither it should be too high nor too low than the competitors. The prices should be displayed in an attractive manner through banners or hoardings both on the road and inside the shop-in-shops also. Viability suitability- The products should be made available to the customers easily. There should be adequate number of dealers and proper advertising and promotional events must be done to create the awareness of the brand in the mind of the customers. For implementing these activities, permission or approval needs to be obtained from the Regional Sales Manager, who in turn will seek approval from the National Head of the organization after proper discussion with the concerned persons. In this section we are going to elaborate the costs associated with 2 of the marketing activities. a) Cost of kiosk set up - The average cost of setting up a kiosk could be 130 NZD. Along with that there could be some associated costs for the refreshment of the person at the kiosk. b) Cost of shop-in-shop The average cost of developing a shop-in-shop inside a mall could be approximately 220 NZD. The first preference would be Kiosks as they could be set up in different locations at a comparatively cheaper cost. The second choice will be setting up the shop-in-shops at various malls, which will be obviously more expensive. The resources required for setting up shop-in-shops as well as kiosks are a good advertising campaign, organizations who build customized kiosks and shop-in-shops, a few employees of the company who would sit in the kiosks and look after the shop-in-shops. Some people might also be hired from the outside (Brown Harvey, 2011). After deciding on the marketing plan finally, the company needs to intimate that to the marketing and advertising department. Each employee must actively participate in the process and for that purpose the company should design certain banners and place them inside the office premises to catch the attention of every employee and make them involved in the process. In order to connect with the people of different cultures, beliefs and ages in New Zealand, firstly, the organization should take care to learn the native language of the place. They should understand the socio-cultural scenario and the tastes and preferences of the entire demographic segment. Secondly, the persons associated with the company should have good communication skills, along with convincing and understanding powers. A successful company is one who has crossed the barriers of nationality into the international market. The motto of Somotel should be to empathize with the native people of New Zealand and understand their values and culture and then provide services keeping that in mind. The company has to face many challenges while setting up business in the international market and a majority of the success depends on the proper negotiation skills. After all the strategies have been approved by the higher authority, it is finally the time for implementation. It is very important to follow the guidelines which have been designed. The budget should be put into practice and care should be taken so that there is minimum deviation. In this way the promotional activities need to be launched. The promotional activities should be wisely assigned to the respective persons. It is to be observed that these plans and strategies are followed religiously and there is no deviation. For this reason the supervisors should monitor what their subordinates are doing and in case of breach, proper action should be taken. After setting up the objectives of the company, they should be properly implemented to be on the right path. From time to time the managers should monitor the business performance of the employees and see whether they are working in the right direction or not. Periodical appraisal programs should be developed for each employee. Here we will discuss about how the marketing activities meet the various legal, ethical, safety cultural requirements. For any organization, in order to succeed in the long run, especially in the international market, it is of utmost importance to follow all the legal and ethical requirements. The performance of the marketing plan should be monitored at every level. Every process shall be strictly monitored by the respective supervisors who have been assigned their respective tasks. It should be maintained by the entire hierarchy and strict action should be taken if any one deviates. In case of any gap between the performance as desired and as obtained, the company should act very smart in dealing with such issues. It should investigate the reason for such gap and try to understand the reason behind it. If it is found that the employee is guilty, then at first the employer should use constructive criticism and try to deal with the employee one to one. If this does not solve the problem in future, then the manager can take a strong action against him. In case there is an over-achievement of targets by the employee, then the company should provide him with incentives and rewards. The company should put special focus on the performing employees and motivate them more and more and reward them accordingly because this will increase their motivation. In order to motivate the staffs to perform more, the company has to set up rewards and recognitions programs, lucrative incentive structures and promotion paths for the employees. The employees should always be motivated to work more and give that extra effort, so that they can earn their promotions and incentives. The marketing mix comprises of the following:- Product Price Place Promotion Regarding all these criteria, it is very important for the company to get proper feedback from the customers. What the customers feel about the product, whether they like it or not, what could be improved, should be known, if the company has to sustain in the international market. A constant research work needs to be present in order to identify the varying tastes and preferences of the customers. The world is dynamic. What is liked today may not be liked tomorrow. So the company should continuously update its products and services according to the demand of the customers (Bryman, 2012). The SWOT analysis method can be used to identify changes in the market phenomena for new business opportunities. Here is a brief description of the process:- Strength- identifies the strength of the company compared with the rivals. Weakness- what are the areas of weakness where the company should rectify. Opportunity- it refers to what could be the new opportunities for the company in the industry. Threats- In this analysis, it is to be seen what are the rival companies and what threats they can pose for the company (Rapport, 2014). International Commercial Terms (INCOTERMS) - Incoterms or International Commercial Terms refer to various regulations relating to trade and commerce which are followed in both domestic and international trade. They are framed by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC). It makes the international trading easier. It was passed in 1936 and has been updated over a period of time and the last one was in 2010. Customs Legislation Amendment and Repeal Act- It refers to a bill which was passed in order to make amendments and also to revoke certain legislative clauses relating to the Customs and similar purposes. It was passed last on 2000. It is also known as International Trade Modernization Bill. Trade Practices Act- The Trade Practices Act was introduced in Australia in 1974 in order to have control and regulation over the trading activities. It replaced the prevailing Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1971. It was passed to frame some basic set of guidelines for the legal occurrence of trade and commerce in Australia. Warsaw Convention- The Warsaw Convention was signed on 12th October 1929 in Warsaw, the capital of Poland. It is a treaty which relates to various clauses relating to international aviation. It lays down various liabilities relating to the aircraft company, both in case of passenger travel and goods travel. It came into force from 13th February 1933. World Trade Organization- It came into existence on 1st January 1995. It is an organization for the regularization of international trade. Its headquarters is in Geneva, Switzerland. Its main objective is to liberalize and supervise international trade. It has currently 160 member countries under its supervision. Organizational client relationship strategy- For any organization the clients are the main seeds of revenue and growth. So a firm should give absolute priority to servicing the clients and retaining their loyalty towards the organization for a long period of time. This can be done by developing capable relationship managers and training them well on how to service clients with loyalty and knowledge (Herzfeld, 2014). References: Herzfeld, M. (2014).Cultural intimacy: Social poetics in the nation-state. Routledge. Rapport, N. (2014).Social and cultural anthropology: The key concepts. Routledge. Bryman, A. (2012).Social research methods. Oxford university press. Brown, D. R., Harvey, D. (2011).An experiential approach to organization development. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

The Language of Justice to Excuse the Violence of Those in Power

The abuse of power is a prevalent phenomenon in diverse societies and systems of governance as evident by the practice of judges in the context of law and the ability of a president to pardon criminals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Language of Justice to Excuse the Violence of Those in Power specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Judges operate within a legal structure, which constrains their roles in the administration of retributive justice and curtails their authority regarding tasks such as pardoning of offenders or discarding the execution of penalties despite the fact that they are the guardians of the law. On the other hand, the constitution bestows excellent power to the executive, as a branch of the legislature, in critical matters of perceived justice and justifiable violence. The functions of the judicial department conflict with the powers of the executive because of the executive’s tendency t o override retributive justice and sustain the governmental decree of justice (Bull 2012, p.173). The existence of the judicial department as an element of the state has created a loophole that allows entities within the government that violate laws and avoid the recommended penalties. For example, although law enforcement agencies have been on the limelight on numerous occasions due to acts of violence against civilians, juries often absolve the agencies of any wrongdoing. The most common justification for the use of violence by the police against citizens concerns the discretion to use force in situations whereby the police perceive violent intervention as crucial to the undertaking of their duties. The willingness of juries to condone violence highlights ideologies and structures of the power of the state that seek accountability of civilians but absolves elements of the government from any responsibility. The state exists as a monopoly and legitimizes violence within its various elements and branches because the power of the country entails controlling various means of violence. State agents can use violence without much condemnation by the judiciary with state officers acting as an extension of the expression of the state power and violence. Considering that government officers act in the capacity of the state, they can advance their personal interests and gains by disregarding the law and promoting violence in the pretext of doing their job and acting in the line of duty.Advertising Looking for essay on constitutional law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The constitution defines legal exceptions for the state in matters such as protecting the sovereignty through just war or internal wars, which allow political leaders and influential individuals to undertake unpopular actions and defy international law. For example, the invasion of Iraq by the United States defied the UN Security Council resolution s and led to widespread abuse of human rights and a significantly high number of civilian casualties (Burke 2007, p.10). When viewed in the realm of strategies for national security, a Congressional vote for the invasion of Iraq possessed a legal legitimacy despite the fact that all the powers of the government should exist within the context of the law. Legal structures, which grant executive powers and exceptions, promote violence against civilians by influential individuals who enjoy exemptions as provide by the constitution. All actions by the state or an individual should be subject to their consequences and cause of harm to other parties because the state does not exist in a vacuum but is a collection of individuals bestowed with power in various capacities. The executive power allows the state to act as the complainant, prosecutor and judge so that influential individuals acting in the capacity of the country can promote impunity, violence and injustice without having to worr y about being accountable for their actions. The influence of the state over legal interpretations coerces courts to act in favour of the country and is a central aspect in the foundation and thriving of states on violence. The alignment of legal interpretations in favour of state violence provides room for the application of authoritarian violence and the sustenance of hermeneutic jurisdiction (Koskenniemi 1990, p.17). The acceptance of violence by those in power emanates from the fact that judges will support violence by the state and encourage the subjection of civilians to state violence. The power of the state allows the prevalence of selective justice and submissiveness of civilians to avoid the consequences of conflicting with state interests.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Language of Justice to Excuse the Violence of Those in Power specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Individuals within the judicial de partment promote violence through their assertion of laws and destructions of others using the court’s authority, which gives superiority to judges’ interpretation of the constitution (Selassie 1936, p.1). The acceptance of a judge’s interpretation, even when wrong, allows collaboration between the executive and the judiciary in absolving the wrongdoings of those in power. Resistance by civilians against inappropriate legal interpretations is likely to encounter violent of administration, which is beyond the reproach of the court law. An analysis of state violence illustrates that the authority of judges cannot circumscribe the undertakings of the wielders of state violence because the constitutional structure seeks to limit the intrinsic power of the judicial department. The need by influential individuals to retain authority overrides the importance of protecting the constitutional rights of victims of violence and introduces aspects of deference of justice by the state or administrators so that the influential people do not take responsibility. Reference List Bull, H 2012, The Anarchical Society: a Study of Order in World Politics, Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke. Burke, A 2007, Beyond security, ethics and violence war against the other, Routledge: London. Koskenniemi, M 1990, ‘The Politics of International Law’, European Journal of International Law, vol. 1, no. 1, pp 4-32. Selassie, H 1936, Haile Selassie, Appeal to the League of Nations, June 1936. Mount Holyoke. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on constitutional law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on The Language of Justice to Excuse the Violence of Those in Power was written and submitted by user PhilCoulson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ancient Egyptian Clothing essays

Ancient Egyptian Clothing essays Egyptian clothing styles did not change much throughout ancient times. Clothes were usually made of linens ranging from coarse to fine texture. Men usually wore a short skirt called a kilt. Women wore a straight fitting dress held up by straps. The wealthy men wore pleated kilts, and the older men wore a longer kilt. When doing hard work, men wore a loin cloth, and women wore a short skirt. Children usually ran around nude during the summer months, while in the winter, wraps and cloaks were worn. Noble women sometimes wore beaded dresses. Noblemen would sometimes wear a long robe over his kilt, while the women wore long pleated dresses with a shawl. Some kings and queens wore decorative ceremonial clothing with feathers and sequins. Very little sewing was done as most of the cloth was wrapped and secured with strings or belts. Women covered their breasts most of the time, though there were some periods when fashion left them bare. Circular capes were sometimes worn. They were generally made of linen and had an opening for the head cut at the center. These capes were often dyed, painted or otherwise decorated and covered little more than the shoulders. Shawls were sometimes worn during the later years. Most people went barefoot, but wore sandals on special occasions. The king wore very elaborately decorated sandals, and sometimes decorative gloves on his hands (some of the gloves had fine linen linings, while others would have separate index and middle fingers and a hole for the thumb.) Clothing styles were chosen for comfort in the hot, dry climate of Egypt. The wealthy men and women wore long see-through robes that were pleated. Better-off people wore wide clothes of white cloth. Wealthy people did not wear more jewelry or fancier clothes to show wealth. They did wear gold jewelry and the most transparent clothes. The Egyptians were not embarrassed about their bodies, ...

Evaluate the validity of the reasons given by Thomas Moore for his Essay

Evaluate the validity of the reasons given by Thomas Moore for his condemnation of William Tyndale's english translation of the New Testament - Essay Example translation survived, since they were all burnt, nevertheless the New Testament translations in English as we know it today are largely the fruit of the work of William Tyndale. However, this same work was not well received in his time, largely due to the strict beliefs of the Catholic church, and this was also the grounds for the conflict in the views of Thomas Moore and William Tyndale. The major reasons for Moore’s condemnation of Tyndale’s work may be listed as follows: (a) faulty translation of certain words which provided scope for distortion of the scriptural message (b) the notion that such faulty translation made Tyndale a hypocrite and a dangerous heretic (c) the fact that Tyndale supported the King of England as the Head of the Church, thereby seriously undermining the established hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the Pope was the leader. This further substantiated Moore’s condemnation of Tyndale as a man rebelling against the Catholic c hurch. The Catholics believed in the Pope as being the head of the Church and Thomas Moore was a staunch Catholic who believed that it was indeed the Pope who had the right to be hailed as the Head of the Church. However, Tyndale offered a different view on this, that it was actually the Monarch of England who was the head of the Church, since in those days Henry VIII was the ruling head of England. Tyndale approved of the Monarch as being the Head of the Church, so long as that Monarch obeyed God. The brunt of Tyndale’s ire was expended against the corrupt church practices that existed in the Catholic church at the time and he was intent upon bringing the contents of the New testament to the attention of the lay people. The only means to do this was to translate the original Latin and Hebrew of the New Testament into simple English so that the masses among the English public would also be able to understand it. This was also in accordance with the encouragement that Tyndale provided to the

Serious Game Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Serious Game Critique - Essay Example Therefore, the game should have different access levels such as Starter, Experienced, Advanced and expert levels. As portrayed here, the game accessible to a player should be commensurate to the level of gaming skill posed. To graduate from one education level to the next, one must portray the expertise by passing a series of exams. In the game, the game activities within a level should move from simplistic ones to complex ones. It is actually very interesting the way the Kenyan Education system is designed to run. The system incorporates several concepts that are used to run it and see a child start and finish the process well. In the Kenyan education system, the child starts their formal education at Nursery. Here the child has to be of age to proceed with their education. The children then have to go through the process which includes exams, tests, practicals and evaluations that if they pass then they can proceed to the next class or level of education (Mukudi, 2004). In the game , there should be competition either with an â€Å"internally simulated player† or with another physical player at each level. ... These rewards are according to their performance. Therefore in the game, if there are say three players, the winner should get a larger reward than the second while the second best player should get a considerably larger reward than the third player. Here there should be a variety of bounties to win and they can be won during the game not just at the end of the gaming level. As the player progresses with the game, he/she should know the bounties and rewards available in competition. This aims at encouraging them desire and work harder towards winning more. The education sector has several major regulatory bodies that monitor the system progress. These have given guidelines and regulations on how the system is supposed to be run. Additionally, the industry players should clearly understand the rules of the system. Taken as such, the game should also have rules which all the players should be informed of before they begin the game. In the game for instance, a pop-up window might be pos itioned at the entry of every level prompting the player to read the instructions of the game. However, this should not be made as a compulsory requirement. In the education system, the regulations create a fair playing ground for all the institutions within a specific level (Mukudi, 2004). Therefore, the set rules should apply to all the players within a given level. This is aimed at ensuring fairness in the game as well as instilling a sense of ownership of the game by the players. In the Kenyan education system, in graduating from one education level to the next, one becomes more improved. To match this, in the game, the gaming facilities accessible to the players should advance with

The Disappearing Ozone Layer Essay Example for Free

The Disappearing Ozone Layer Essay The Ozone Layer extends from twelve to thirty miles above the surface of the earth. Oxygen in the presence of sunlight forms Ozone. It acts as a barrier to the carcinogenic ultraviolet radiation that is emitted by the Sun (Ozone Layer, 2005). The Ozone molecule consists of three Oxygen atoms. It is unsafe to inhale and most of it is to be found in the stratosphere. It absorbs a particular band of ultraviolet radiation, from the Sun, that has a wavelength between of 280 to 320 nanometers. This ultraviolet radiation known as UV – B causes great harm to the DNA of living organisms (Ozone Depletion , 2006). The Ozone layer is destroyed by the Chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs, which were previously used in refrigerants and cleaning agents, and other Ozone Depleting Substances or ODS that, are used in fire extinguishers. The chlorine in the CFCs is released when the Ultraviolet light splits them and these halogen atoms destroy the Ozone by combining with the third Oxygen atom in the Ozone molecule. Subsequently, this molecule combines with a free Oxygen atom to release the halogen atom which again breaks up another Ozone molecule. One halogen atom destroys around a hundred thousand Ozone molecules (Fahey, 2003). The main halogens that cause the depletion of the Ozone Layer are Chlorine and Bromine. Due to exposure to sunlight the halogen source gases are converted into halogen gases that are highly reactive. For instance, chlorine based gases get transformed to ClO or chlorine monoxide and bromine based compounds change to BrO or bromine oxide. In addition, chlorine and bromine atoms are also formed which are highly reactive and cause untold damage to the Ozone Layer (Fahey, 2003). The depletion of the Ozone Layer is not uniform and there is considerable variation with latitude. Due to the extremely high Ozone losses in the Antarctic region the loss is at a global maximum there. The next highest losses transpire in the Northern Hemisphere. The air that has been depleted of Ozone spreads from the Polar Regions. The depletion in the tropical regions is the least because of the fact that reactive halogen gases are present in very small quantities (Fahey, 2003). Further, a seasonal variation has also been noticed in this Ozone Layer depletion process. In the Southern Hemisphere, there is not much of a variation in the process and the amount of depletion is around six percent. However, in the Northern Hemisphere, the variation between winter and summer is from four percent to two percent respectively (Fahey, 2003). Atmospheric Ozone is of three forms the good form, the bad form and the natural form. Good Ozone is the Stratospheric Ozone that protects humans, animals and plants from UV – B radiation. Bad Ozone occurs near the surface of the Earth due to chemical reactions and human activities that produce polluting gases. Industrial activity and the consumption of fossil based fuels cause an increase in bad Ozone (Fahey, 2003). The natural form of Ozone is one of the constituents of a clean atmosphere and if there had been no human activities on the surface of the Earth then Ozone would have been observed at the surface of the Earth and in the troposphere and stratosphere. Ozone extracts other naturally and manmade gases in the atmosphere (Fahey, 2003). Realizing the gravity of the situation, twenty countries became signatories at Vienna to a treaty agreement in 1985. This treaty was named the Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and it was decided to protect the Ozone Layer from the depredations of human activities. Subsequently, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was ratified in 1989 (Fahey, 2003). This Protocol implemented controls on the developed and developing countries in respect of the manufacture and utilization of chemicals that were instrumental in causing a depletion of the Ozone Layer. These measures were further strengthened by the 1990 London Amendments to the Protocol, which made it mandatory to reduce the production and consumption of such substances. The directives of the Montreal Protocol have proved to be successful to some extent. With increasing depletion of the Ozone Layer the Ultra Violet Radiation reaching the surface of the Earth increases (Fahey, 2003). UV – B radiation causes non – melanoma skin cancer. In the United States of America skin cancer cases are increasing tremendously. The situation is very serious with twenty percent of the residents developing skin cancer. The fatalities from this disease alone are one per hour in the US (Health Effects of Overexposure to the Sun, 2006). Moreover, UVB causes actinic keratoses and premature aging of the skin. Keratoses or lesions occur on the face, upper limbs and neck of individuals. These can lead to squamous cell carcinoma. In addition, UVB brings about a loss in the transparency in the eye lens or what is commonly termed as cataract. Millions of Americans are afflicted by this malaise every year and the expenditure this incurs is of the order of several billion dollars. Further, such radiation causes the degeneration of the macula or that part of the retina where visual perception is at its best. Another grave problem created by such radiation is the impairment of the immune system of the human body (Health Effects of Overexposure to the Sun, 2006). The government of the state of Mississippi being seized with this extremely serious problem posed by UVB radiation has implemented several measures. In this state a large number of air-conditioning and refrigerating units are employed. Some of these refrigerants are Freon 12, Freon 22 and R – 12. By 1995, the production of R – 12 was completely stopped and new substances like HFC – 134A are being used in its place. The government has prohibited the release of Freon into the atmosphere and Freon is being sold only to certified technicians. All air – conditioning and refrigerant equipment has to be thoroughly inspected in order to ensure that the leakage of Freon into the atmosphere is minimized (Moore Kimbrough, 2007). A team of scientists, led by Dr. Yang, of the Georgia Institute of Technology, analyzed data collected over a quarter century. This data had been collected by NASA and NOAA or the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Since, 1979 there had been a drastic depletion of the Ozone Layer. However, in 1997 a reversal in this trend was observed. This was in no small measure due to the proper implementation of the Montreal Protocol. This had prompted Yang and his team to conclude, after extrapolating from the available data, that the Ozone Layer would be restored to its 1980 status by the year 2050 (NASA, NOAA Data Indicate Ozone Layer is Recovering, 2006). However, till such time, it is imperative for people to take abundant precautions. Some of these are the avoidance of the midday sun in summer, protecting the eyes from direct sunlight by wearing sunglasses that filter out Ultra Violet Radiation and eschewing the use of aerosols and CFCs. In addition, liberal use of sunscreen with a sun protection factor or SPF of 15 or more, protective clothing and wide – brimmed hats have to be utilized, especially in the case of children. This is due to the fact that the skin of children is much more sensitive than that of adults. Moreover, every effort should be made to avoid direct sunlight, especially between 10 am to 4 pm.

Social and Medical Disability Models Essay -- Disability

Introduction In this assignment, I aim to provide the reader with an overview of two prominent models of disability: the medical model and the social model. More specifically, I intend to outline the differences between these models, especially their theory and practice. Firstly, I will note the definition of what a model of disability is and point to its relevance in disability studies. I will also briefly examine the origins of both the medical and social models, but mainly outlining the contributions of their respective theoretical content and influence in society. Overall, the main aim of the assignment is to be achieved by providing a general outline of the social and medical disability models, which can be used to highlight the differences in the theoretical basis and practice methods. This will serve the reader with an overview of both disability models, which acknowledges the differences to how disability can be defined and approached in society. Outlining the differences of the medical and social models of disability, giving detail of their respective theory and practice Impairment, disability and the use of models of disability A clear definition of the term disability, it can be widely presumed, has never been universally agreed upon by any lay or in-depth study. This can be due to disability pertaining to different viewpoints; ultimately, the person who experiences the impairment and the person who does not. Another factor can be the norms found in various world cultures (Thomas, 2002). There is also conflicting discussion on the contextual nature of impairment, which is vital to denoting disability. Usually when signifying dysfunction of a bodily organ or appendage, examples of impairment woul... ...dine, M. & Dukelow, F. 2009. Irish Social Policy: A Critical Introduction. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan Hammell, K. 2006. Perspectives on disability & rehabilitation: Contesting Assumptions; Challenging Practice. Philidelphia: Churchill Livingstone McClaren, N. 1998. ‘A Critical Review of the Biopsychosocial Model’, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, Vol 32, No. 1: pp. 86 - 92 Oliver, M. 1990. The Politics of Disablement. London: The MacMillan Press Ltd Oliver, M. 1996. Understanding Disability: From Theory to Practice. Hampshire: Palgrave Royal Association for Disability Rights (RADAR). 2010. Accessed from http://www.radar.org.uk/radarwebsite on the 6th November 2010 Thomas, C. (2002). ‘Disability Theory: Key ideas, Issues and Thinkers’, In: Barnes, C., Barton, L. & Oliver, M. Disability Studies Today. Cambridge: Polity Press. pp: 38 - 57

Report of the Interpretive Simulations

AllSmile Annual Report Years One – Three ————————————————- Bradyn Carson, Clarissa McMickle, Micheal Sullivan, Peiying Li â€Å"Perfect Smile Just a Brush Away† Mission Statement AllSmile’s mission is to provide quality toothpaste globally at a fair and honest price, providing customer service with a smile. Motto â€Å"Perfect Smile Just a Brush Away† ————————————————- Table of Contents To our ShareholdersPage 2 Potential Future Decisions Page 2 Challenges and Decisions in Year Three Page 3 Sales and Earnings Trends Page 4 Industry ComparisonPage 5 Income StatementPage 6 ———————————————— TO OUR SHAREHOLDERS Last year was a big year — we delivered strong results, launched fantastic new products and services, and positioned AllSmile for an incredible future. For fiscal year, we also maintained strong cost discipline resulting in cash flow from operations of $104. 7 million, an increase in manufacturer sales by 23 percent from the prior year. At the beginning of our first year we built a million dollar plant in Brazil. We look forward to all the opportunities this plant will provide for our company such as much lower cost of goods manufactured.We delivered these results by providing new products that help the families in the communities. We look forward to all the great opportunities in the future that our products will bring to Latin American individuals. Potential Future Decisions AllSmile has made an impact in the industry over the past three periods due to our ability to compete in terms of pricing, advertising, production, and distribution. We plan on increasing our competitiveness in the Latin American market by expanding our brand’s products to better serve our product demand and also by looking into new markets to enter.When deciding what new products to implement (if any), we will extensively research demographics, both social and economic, and potential demand for these products. It is very important for us to choose products that produce high margins. We will accomplish this by analyzing our costs associated with producing the products and determining the demand for the product. As far as pricing, AllSmile was able to compete with the large brands during the first three periods. We intend on continuing this, as well as focusing on competing better against local and regional brands in order to increase our total market share in Brazil.As the market matures in Brazil, we may need to enter a new market in order to increase revenues and maintain our strong growth. Some important characteristics we will analyze are: Population, GDP and GDP per capita, inflation, po verty, labor costs, shipping costs, tariffs, as well as other political, social, and economic factors. Since completion of our production plant after period one, our costs of goods manufactured has declined each year. This cost reduction will allow us to allocate more funds to areas that grow our revenue such as: advertising, promotion, and a larger sales force. Challenges and Decisions in Year ThreeOur group chose Brazil as the market to enter. We considered the national population, GPD, per capita income and other factors. Toothpaste is an ordinary and special commodity. It is ordinary, because you can easily find toothpaste everywhere, every household can afford it. It is special, because no matter a men, women, old people or children; both the workers and peasants, or drivers, or white-collar workers, and even national leaders; no matter the richest, the poor, all of them need to use it, it is a necessity product. Brazil's population is the largest in the choice of six countries , and their GDP is the highest, GDP / Capita is low.However, due to the universality of the toothpaste, toothpaste has low prices. It will not be a burden on the economy of the Brazilian family. Therefore, we have chosen Brazil as enter the market. Before the first sales year, we established in Brazil a native plant, which has a capacity of 100 million units. According to Brazil basic social characteristics, and several other major competitors’ product, we decided our product types covered by the child toothpaste for the kids, healthy toothpaste for the elder, white toothpaste for young people, economic toothpaste for family.Our team pricing standards are to ensure that company earnings, guaranteed price competitive enough in the market, and guaranteed consumers can afford the price. The end of the first year, we had 30% of the products left, in view of the traditional market accounted for 40. 5% of the overall toothpaste market, we decided to increase three sales people into traditional sales channels in the next year. Due to the selling of whole market Economy toothpaste are great, we add advertising investment. At the same time, the poor sell of children's toothpaste prompted us to reduce 5 million budgets on its advertising fee.According to the results of marketing, and sales of other companies, appropriate to improve the economy, white, healthy toothpaste price and their allowance, try to stimulate the sales. The end of the second year, we left 16% of the products, the market response is good, so we only slightly increased the economy toothpaste prices, reduce the allowance of white, healthy toothpaste. Given the improved performance, the other company has a large number of sales people, we added two sales people to Traditional channel, ten to the hypermarket channel, five to the wholesale channel, trying to expand the market.On the other hand, due to the increase of 17 sales people, the input is too high, so we decided to reduce the overall invest ment in advertising in the next year. Sales and Earnings Trends AllSmile has started off strong in period one and has maintained that momentum throughout the third period, with expectations of continuing the sales growth. At the end of period one AllSmile unit sales totaled 71. 8 million with a 6. 5% share. Our manufacturer sales totaled 72. 4 million with a 6. 2% share. Gross margins for the first period were 9. 5 million with a -24. 4 million net contribution.Even with negative contributions AllSmile momentum was able to carry us to a positive net contribution by the end of the third period. In the second period, AllSmile gained 12. 1 million in unit sales totaling 83. 9 million with a 7. 5 share. Manufacturer sales gained 17. 8 million totaling 90. 2 million with a 7. 3 share. Gross margins also gained 26. 4 million ending with 35. 9 million, which was a growth of 279. 5%. Net contribution also improved with only -3. 0 million compared to first periods -24. 4 million. Sales growt h continued in the third period as well with even higher numbers.The third period, AllSmile unit sales had a 13. 0% growth totaling 94. 7 million. Manufacturer sales had a 16. 1% growth totaling at 104. 7 million. Gross margins growth was 28. 9% ending at 46. 3 million. Finally net contribution finally ended positive with 10. 0 million. Unit Sales Manufacturer Sales Gross Margins Net Contributions By the end of period three, AllSmile earning trends showed that the Hypermarket channel we entered totaled 85. 2% of sales compared to the Traditional and Wholesale channels. Traditional channels totaled 8. % and Wholesales totaled 6. 0%. Industry Comparison AllSmile has six main competitors in Brazil: Britesmile, Clean+White, Dentacare, Eversmile, Local 1 and Regional 1. At the end of period one AllSmile ranked higher than Clean+White and Eversmile in market shares sales in Brazil. By the third period, AllSmile was competing head to head with Regionals, and Local competitors in market sha res. Period 3 Period 3 Throughout the industry overall, AllSmile is competing with Regional completion in all countries. AllSmile has gross margins of 44. 2%, compared to Regional completion that had 46. 6%.Even though Regional gross margins are slightly greater than ours, it is a great accomplishment for our company to surpass the other completion in our industry. AllSmile is well on our way to being the most competitive industry in the near future. Income Statement| For Periods ended 1, 2 and 3| (Values in Millions of Dollars)| Revenue| Period 3| Period 2| Period 1| Total Revenue|   | $104. 70|   | $90. 20|   | $72. 40 | Mfr. Allowance| 9. 6|   | 9. 1|   | 6. 5|   | Cost of Goods Sold| 47. 8|   | 44. 3|   | 42. 3|   | Shipping and Tariffs| 0. 9|   | 0. 8|   | 14. 1|   | Total COGS|   | 58. 4|   | 54. 2|   | 62. | Gross Margin|   | $46. 3 |   | $35. 9 |   | $9. 50 | |   |   |   |   |   |   | Expenses|   |   |   |   |   |   | Promotion Expense| 7. 6|   | 7. 5|   | 5|   | Advertising Expense| 10. 3|   | 14. 4|   | 13. 1|   | Sales Expense| 1. 7|   | 0. 7|   | 0. 5|   | Administrative Expense| 4|   | 3. 7|   | 2. 7|   | Total Expense|   | 23. 6|   | 26. 3|   | 21. 3| Contribution after Marketing|   | $22. 7 |   | $9. 60|   | ($11. 80)| |   | |   | |   | | Fixed Costs| 2. 4|   | 2. 3|   | 2. 2|   | Plant Deprecation| 10. 3|   | 10. 3|   | 10. 3|   | Total Fixed Costs|   | 12. 7|   | 12. 6|   | 12. 5| Net Income|   | $10. 00 |   | ($3. 00)|   | ($24. 40)|

Thomas Hobbes Leviathan and John Lockes Second Treatise...

Hobbes Leviathan and Lockes Second Treatise of Government Hobbes’ Leviathan and Locke’s Second Treatise of Government comprise critical works in the lexicon of political science theory. Both works expound on the origins and purpose of civil society and government. Hobbes’ and Locke’s writings center on the definition of the â€Å"state of nature† and the best means by which a society develops a systemic format from this beginning. The authors hold opposing views as to how man fits into the state of nature and the means by which a government should be formed and what type of government constitutes the best. This difference arises from different conceptions about human nature and â€Å"the state of nature†, a condition in which the human race†¦show more content†¦Previously, the accumulation of perishable items was unreasonable primarily because of spoilage. The introduction of money, however, permitted perishable items to be exchanged for currency. Thus, money rendered the opportunity for ac cumulating property without the associated risk of resulting waste. The profits of this exercise were invested in the means by which they were generated – the land. It was the land, when mixed with man’s labour offered the means of turning that outcome into money. Since land ownership is a prerequisite to making money and money is a pre-condition to owning land, the two became inexorably linked. In short, the introduction of money led to unlimited accumulation, scarcity and, ultimately, conflict. Although the sufficiency limitation remained intact, there was no longer â€Å"as much and as good† land for everyone and, as a result, a visible disparity between â€Å"owners† and the â€Å"wage makers† appeared and conflict between them arose. Locke commented on the problems inherent in accumulation of property in the state of nature; †¦and though in the state of nature he hath such a right, yet the enjoyment of it is very uncertain, and constantly exposed to the invasion of others: for all being king as much as he, every man his equal and the greater part no strict observers of equity and justice, the enjoyment of the property he has inShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke: Founding Father of Modern Era Liberalism1444 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and John Locke are all great thinkers who were greatly influential in forming philosophies that would affect the future of politics. By analyzing each philosopher’s ideology, we can identify which thinker’s theory reflected modern era liberalism the most. 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